Urban Landscape and Surface Runoff Management: A Review

Abstract

Urban surface runoff has become an increasing concern in rapidly expanding cities, particularly in regions with high rainfall intensity. The present study examines the influence of urban landscape composition and configuration, which includes vegetation type, density, and spatial distribution, on runoff generation and regulation. By synthesizing knowledge from hydrology, urban ecology, environmental engineering, and social sciences, it aims to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on the effectiveness of vegetation-based interventions in mitigating urban runoff. Natural vegetation, especially deep-rooted grasses and tree species, has been observed to enhance soil infiltration, stabilize slopes, and intercept rainfall through canopy processes. These mechanisms collectively contribute to reducing flood risks and improving urban resilience. Comparative evidence from various climatic regions indicates that integrating green infrastructure, such as green roofs, permeable pavements, and vegetated buffers, within urban design frameworks can substantially decrease runoff volumes and enhance water quality. Furthermore, the economic feasibility, scalability, and current research limitations associated with such interventions are addressed. Emphasis is placed on developing cost-effective, inclusive, and adaptive approaches suitable for diverse urban contexts. Overall, the findings underscore the critical role of strategic landscape planning and vegetation management in achieving sustainable, flood-resilient, and climate-adaptive urban environments.

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