The Temporal Dynamics of Newly Individual Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus) Appearance in the Interaction Zone of Botubarani Waters, Marine Protected Area of Teluk Gorontalo from 2016 to 2024

Abstract

The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a protected marine species based on the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries number 18/KEPMEN-KP/2013 Decree. Based on the regulation, the Botubarani Waters area is designated a marine protected area. This Study was conducted to determine the pattern of whale shark appearance in the Gorontalo Bay Conservation Area. The method used is photo ID to distinguish between individuals and direct monitoring to identify injuries, gender, and behaviours. The result shows that there were 59 individuals recorded throughout 2016-2024. Based on the seasonal calendar, whale sharks appear in Botubarani almost all year from 2020 to 2024, with the peak months being March to August. The average length is 3.5 - 6.5 meters. Injuries were found on some bodies caused by tourism activities. Overall, the data on whale shark appearances from 2016 to 2024 shows a non-linear pattern, reflecting the complex impact of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors. The dynamics of whale sharks’ appearance depend on environmental factors such as sea surface temperature, water productivity, and food sources. The behaviour of whale sharks is influenced by factors such as feeding activity, the presence of Nike fish (Awaous melanocephalus) , and the weather.

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