Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) Ethanolic Extract Mitigates Ethylene Glycol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats

Abstract

Ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning pose a significant risk to kidney health. Bioactive compounds in Sandfish (<i>Holothuria scabra</i>) extract (SE), such as flavonoids and saponins, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may mitigate renal injury. This study evaluates the protective effects of SE on EG-induced acute renal injury in rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a healthy control, a placebo control (EG exposure without treatment), and three treatment groups receiving HSE at 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg body weight for 14 days following ethylene glycol exposure. Renal function was assessed via serum urea and creatinine levels, and kidney histopathology was examined using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biochemical compounds of the extract were performed. It was found that EG significantly elevated serum urea and moderately increased creatinine levels, with histological evidence of tubular degeneration and calcium oxalate crystals. SE treatment significantly reduced urea and creatinine levels, with the greatest improvements observed in the 500 mg/kg groups. Histopathological analysis revealed improved renal tissue integrity, including restored tubular architecture and reduced necrosis and inflammation. In conclusion, Sandfish extract exhibits nephroprotective effects against ethylene glycol-induced kidney damage by improving renal function and preserving kidney structure. The 500 mg/kg dose provided optimal protection, making Sandfish extract a promising candidate for mitigating nephrotoxicity.

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