Removal of Ferrous (Fe2+) and Manganese (Mn2+) from Shallow Groundwater using Modified Manganese Zeolite in Fixed-Bed Column (Continuous Down-flow Reactor)

Abstract

One of the problems of clean water is that it is often encountered with low-quality water. Iron and manganese are minerals frequently found in groundwater resources. Excessive amounts of Fe2+, when exposed to air, may cause turbidity, distastefulness, and odor. It conveys a yellowish and brownish color to laundered fabrics. It also blocks the water distribution because iron supports iron bacteria’s growth, resulting in the clogging of pipes. Like iron, manganese has severe effects not only on the environment but also on human health, such as water discoloration, odor, turbidity, a metallic taste, etc. The adsorption process gets saturation faster and breakthrough time decreased with increasing concentration from 2.07 to 6.8 mg/L for ferrous and 1.91 to 5.9 mg/L for manganese. The exhaustion time (ttotal) of initial ferrous concentration declined from 460 min (2.07 mg/L) to 440 min (4.3 mg/L) to 420 min (6.8 mg/L) with an increase in Fe2+ initial concentration. In comparison, the exhaustion time of initial manganese concentration dropped from 480 min (1.91 mg/L) to 470 m (3.8 mg/L) to 420 min (5.9 mg/L). The adsorption capacity (qeq) of ferrous increased from 0.0352 mg/g to 0.1236, following with a rise of initial concentration. It is similar to manganese, the adsorption capacity raised from 0.0324 mg/g to 0.1136 mg/g.

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