# Reducing Embodied Carbon of Paving Blocks with Landfill Waste Incineration Ash: An Eco-Cement Life Cycle Assessment
> Darhamsyah

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/reducing-embodied-carbon-of-paving-blocks-with-landfill-waste-incineration-ash-a
Jurnal / Konferensi: Engineering Technology and Applied Science Research
Tahun terbit: 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10050
ISSN: 22414487
Kuartil SJR: Q2
Citations: 6

## Authors
- Darhamsyah

## Abstract
This study examines the embodied carbon of paving blocks by substituting Portland Composite Cement (PCC) with landfill waste incineration ash at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement levels. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and mechanical testing, the embodied carbon value was calculated per ISO 14040 standards. Results show that a 50% replacement achieves a 33% reduction in embodied carbon (120 kgCO₂e/m³ vs. 180 kgCO₂e/m³ for conventional paving blocks) while maintaining compressive strength within SNI criteria. These findings highlight the potential for eco-cement paving blocks to support sustainable construction and inform policies promoting low-carbon building materials.

## Keywords
- Incineration
- Waste management
- Life-cycle assessment
- Cement
- Environmental science
- Carbon fibers
- Engineering
- Materials science
- Production (economics)
- Composite material
- Economics
- Macroeconomics
- Composite number

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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