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Universitas Hasanuddin
Research output:Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

JUNO sensitivity to invisible decay modes of neutrons

Abusleme A.

European Physical Journal C

Q1
Published: 2025Citations: 10

Abstract

Abstract We explore the decay of bound neutrons in the JUNO liquid scintillator detector into invisible particles (e.g., $$n\rightarrow 3 \nu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> or $$nn \rightarrow 2 \nu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), which do not produce an observable signal. The invisible decay includes two decay modes: $$ n \rightarrow { inv} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>inv</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$ nn \rightarrow { inv} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>inv</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The invisible decays of s -shell neutrons in $$^{12}\textrm{C}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> will leave a highly excited residual nucleus. Subsequently, some de-excitation modes of the excited residual nuclei can produce a time- and space-correlated triple coincidence signal in the JUNO detector. Based on a full Monte Carlo simulation informed with the latest available data, we estimate all backgrounds, including inverse beta decay events of the reactor antineutrino $${\bar{\nu }}_e$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , natural radioactivity, cosmogenic isotopes and neutral current interactions of atmospheric neutrinos. Pulse shape discrimination and multivariate analysis techniques are employed to further suppress backgrounds. With two years of exposure, JUNO is expected to give an order of magnitude improvement compared to the current best limits. After 10 years of data taking, the JUNO expected sensitivities at a 90% confidence level are $$\tau /B( n \rightarrow { inv} ) &gt; 5.0 \times 10^{31} \, \textrm{years}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>inv</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>31</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>years</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$\tau /B( nn \rightarrow { inv} ) &gt; 1.4 \times 10^{32} \, \textrm{years}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>inv</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>32</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>years</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> .

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