Short-Term Effects of Golden Rice Cookies Enriched With Piper crocatum Extract on Lipid Profiles in Adults With Diabetes: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) commonly coexists with dyslipidemia and elevated cardiovascular risk. Food‐based interventions containing antioxidants and polyphenols may support lipid metabolism. This study evaluated the short‐term effects of Golden Rice cookies enriched with active Piper crocatum extract on lipid profiles in adults with DM. Methods This quasi‐experimental pretest–posttest control group study included 102 adults with DM assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention or control group. The intervention group received Golden Rice cookies enriched with P. crocatum extract, while the control group received similar cookies without the extract for 28 days. Total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and triglycerides were measured before and after the intervention. Bivariate analyses were performed in the full sample, whereas analysis of covariance was performed among non‐statin participants, adjusting for baseline lipid values, age, body mass index, diabetes duration, carbohydrate intake, and protein intake. Results In the unadjusted analysis, total cholesterol and LDL‐C increased significantly in the intervention group, whereas total cholesterol decreased significantly in the control group. Between‐group analysis showed a significant difference only in total cholesterol. Among non‐statin participants, an exploratory adjusted analysis showed a significant between‐group difference in total cholesterol ( p = 0.016; adjusted mean difference = −12.55 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −22.74 to −2.36). No significant adjusted differences were observed for LDL‐C, HDL‐C, or triglycerides. Conclusion A 28‐day intervention with Golden Rice cookies enriched with active P. crocatum extract was associated with a limited exploratory adjusted between‐group difference in total cholesterol among non‐statin adults with DM. These preliminary findings require confirmation in longer randomized controlled trials with stronger dietary control and mechanistic biomarker assessment. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT07268781

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