The Concept of Water-Sensitive Urban Design in Urban Flood Disaster Management: A Case Study of Pangkajene

Abstract

Abstract Rapid urbanization in the Pangkajene Urban Area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, has intensified flood risk due to the expansion of impervious surfaces, limited drainage capacity, low-lying coastal topography, and tidal influences. This study aims to develop spatially targeted Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) strategies for urban flood mitigation by integrating hydrological analysis, hydraulic modeling, and spatial planning approaches. Maximum daily rainfall data from 2015–2024 were analyzed using several probability distributions, with the Normal distribution selected based on Chi-Square and Smirnov–Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit tests. A 20-year return period rainfall event was applied in a two-dimensional unsteady flow simulation using HEC-RAS, incorporating terrain modification, land-cover-based Manning’s roughness coefficients, runoff parameters, and tidal boundary conditions. The simulation results indicate a total inundation area of 114.65 km 2 , with flood depths predominantly ranging from 2–3 m, indicating moderate-to-deep flooding conditions across the urban area. Spatial overlay analysis combining flood depth (≥2 m), land use, and urban activity density identified five priority intervention areas: Bonto Perak, Bontokio, Sibatua, Anrong Appaka, and Pabundukang. Based on these findings, differentiated WSUD strategies are proposed through integrated infiltration, detention, conveyance, and water reuse measures, providing a replicable framework for flood management in medium-sized tropical coastal cities.

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