Real-time Anatomically Constrained AI Super-resolution in 3D/4D Fetal Ultrasound: From Conventional Volume Rendering to Hyper-realistic Clinically Validated Fetal Surface Imaging

Abstract

Ultrasound has long occupied a central place in obstetric imaging, not only because it is accessible and safe, but also because it allows clinicians to witness fetal development in real time.Over the past decades, the transition from two-dimensional (2D) imaging to three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) modalities has expanded this capability considerably, offering volumetric and dynamic representations of fetal anatomy that were previously unattainable.Early conceptual frameworks linking fetal life to long-term health outcomes, such as the developmental origin hypothesis, have further emphasized the importance of detailed prenatal assessment. 1 At the same time, advances in 4D ultrasound have enabled the study of fetal behavior, 1,

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