Psychosocial Factors Associated with Life Satisfaction among Older Adults in Urban Makassar: A Binary Logistic Regression Analysis

Abstract

Life satisfaction is an important indicator of well-being in later life, but evidence on its determinants among older adults in urban Indonesia remains limited. This study evaluated sociodemographic, cognitive, social, and psychological factors associated with life satisfaction among older adults in Makassar City. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2026 in the working areas of Kassi-Kassi and Kaluku Bodoa Public Health Centers. A total of 366 adults aged 60 years or older were selected through proportionate stratified random sampling and interviewed using structured questionnaires. Descriptive analysis, chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, and backward likelihood-ratio binary logistic regression were performed. High life satisfaction was reported by 251 participants (68.6%). In bivariable analysis, social support, cognitive health status, social participation, and self-efficacy were associated with life satisfaction (all p<0.001), whereas age, sex, education, monthly income, marital status, and living arrangement were not. In the final model, high social participation was associated with 2.64-fold higher odds of high life satisfaction (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.637; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.183-5.880), high social support with 1.96-fold higher odds (AOR=1.958; 95% CI: 1.129-3.397), and high self-efficacy with 1.89-fold higher odds (AOR=1.894; 95% CI: 1.154-3.111). Cognitive health status was not independently significant after adjustment. These findings indicate that urban healthy-ageing programs should combine clinical services with interventions that strengthen social participation, interpersonal support, and confidence in managing daily life.

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