Effects of Manure Type, Fermentation Duration and Bacterial Inoculation on Macronutrient Composition of Fermented Livestock Manure

Abstract

Article HistoryLivestock manure represents a valuable resource for organic fertilizer production; however, its nutrient availability is often limited without appropriate treatment.This study evaluated the effects of manure type, fermentation duration, and bacterial inoculation on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents of fermented manure using a factorial experimental design.Chicken, cattle, and goat manure were fermented for 15 and 30 days with multiple bacterial isolates and an uninoculated control.Nutrient contents were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance to assess main and interaction effects among factors.Bacterial inoculation significantly enhanced N, P, and K contents compared with the control (P<0.05),although the magnitude of enhancement varied among bacterial isolates.Manure type strongly influenced fermentation outcomes, with chicken manure exhibiting the highest nutrient enrichment, followed by goat manure, while cattle manure showed comparatively lower responses.Extended fermentation generally increased nutrient availability, particularly in inoculated treatments.Significant interaction effects indicated that bacterial performance was dependent on manure substrate and fermentation duration.Heatmap visualization further highlighted isolate-specific nutrient enhancement patterns across macronutrients.Overall, the results demonstrate that nutrient enrichment during manure fermentation is governed by the combined influence of substrate type, fermentation time, and microbial inoculation.These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing manure fermentation strategies and selecting effective bacterial inoculants to improve the quality and consistency of manure-based organic fertilizers.

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