Environmental Health Risk of Air Dispersion from Cement Plant Port Operations: A Coastal Case Study in Pangkajene

Abstract

Introduction: The intensification of industrial and transportation activities has significantly contributed to air pollution, particularly in cement industrial zones. Methods: This study aimed to model the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) pollutants around the dedicated port of a cement factory using the AERMOD dispersion model and to assess the associated health risks. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, involving data collection, field data analysis, and geospatial mapping. The AERMOD software was utilized to simulate the spatial distribution of SO2 and CO emissions, followed by an environmental health risk assessment for the surrounding population. Results: The modeling results showed that the highest concentrations of SO2 and CO reached 196 and 24,407 µg/m³, respectively. Pollutant dispersion predominantly occurred toward the northeast, influenced by wind patterns and emission source characteristics. Environmental health risk assessment results indicated that long-term exposure to CO—particularly beyond 15 years—results in a Risk Quotient (RQ) greater than 1, signifying potential non-carcinogenic health risks. Conversely, SO2 exposure remains below the risk threshold (RQ<1) for the general population. Conclusion: These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced emission control measures and focused protection for vulnerable groups. Moreover, they underscore the importance of implementing stricter environmental regulations to mitigate the health impacts of industrial port operations.

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