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Nutritional Composition and Sensory Acceptability of Cookies Formulated with Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) and Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Flour as a Potential Supplementary Snack for Pregnant Women
Salam A.
Current Nutrition and Food Science
Q3Abstract
Introduction/Objective: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) among pregnant women remains a significant public health problem in Indonesia. Jewawut, or foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) are locally available foods rich in energy, protein, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids, making them potential ingredients for supplementary foods. This study aimed to evaluate the macro- and micronutrient composition of cookies formulated with foxtail millet and mackerel flour as a supplementary snack for pregnant women. Methods: A product development approach with descriptive laboratory analysis was used. Cookies were formulated using 15% foxtail millet flour and 5% mackerel flour. Macronutrients were analyzed using proximate methods. Iron, zinc, and calcium were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, while phosphorus was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale with 30 women of reproductive age. Results: A 50 g serving of cookies provided 251.9 kcal energy, 4.44 g protein, 12.58 g fat, and 30.23 g carbohydrates, contributing 9.88%, 6.34%, 18.69%, and 7.56%, respectively, of the Indonesian RDA for women aged 19–29 years in the second trimester of pregnancy. The cookies contained 13.47 mg iron and 2.89 mg zinc per serving, contributing 49.89% and 26.27% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for pregnant women. Calcium and phosphorus contents were 90 mg and 140 mg per serving, contributing 9.00% and 20.00%, respectively. Discussion: The formulated cookies demonstrated a high energy density and meaningful iron and zinc contributions, indicating potential as a nutrient-dense supplementary snack. However, further formulation optimization is needed to improve sensory acceptability. Conclusion: Foxtail millet–mackerel cookies have potential as a locally sourced supplementary snack to support maternal nutritional intake among pregnant women at risk of CED.