Hydrologic-Hydraulic Evaluation of Mini Reservoir Integration for Urban Flood Mitigation Using SWMM: A Case Study of Panakkukang District, Indonesia

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and increasing extreme rainfall intensity have significantly amplified flood risks in compact tropical cities where drainage expansion is spatially constrained. Panakkukang District, Makassar, Indonesia, represents a typical high-impervious urban catchment (composite runoff coefficient ≈ 0.63) with flat topography and limited conveyance capacity. This study evaluates the hydraulic performance of integrating distributed mini-reservoirs into the existing drainage network using an integrated hydrologic-hydraulic modelling framework. Annual maximum rainfall data for 2015–2024 were analyzed using frequency analysis to derive the design storm, while runoff coefficients were estimated from land-cover characteristics. The hydrologic analysis indicates a 10-year design rainfall of 191.21 mm/day and a composite runoff coefficient of approximately 0.63 for the study area. SWMM simulation results show that the integration of mini-reservoirs reduced peak discharge by approximately 18–51% and delayed the time to peak by up to 3 hours, indicating improved hydraulic performance of the drainage system. These findings suggest that distributed mini-reservoirs can serve as a practical flood-mitigation strategy in dense tropical urban catchments, while also contributing to improved urban resilience and reduced flood exposure in residential areas.

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