# Graduated visibility: visual representation of ethnic minorities in Indonesian mainstream media, 2019–2023
> Sonni A.F.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/pub_scopus_105046568499
Jurnal / Konferensi: Communication Research and Practice
Tahun terbit: 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2026.2708575
ISSN: 22063374
Kuartil SJR: Q2
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Sonni A.F.

## Abstract
This study examines how Indonesian mainstream media calibrate the visibility of ethnic minorities, namely Papuan, Dayak, and Toraja communities, across 210 images from Kompas.com, Detik.com, and Tempo.co (2019-2023). Drawing on multimodal critical discourse analysis and quantitative content analysis, it develops graduated visibility: a regime in which minorities are rendered visible in calibrated degrees according to political context and visual register. The argument is anchored in a comparison of the 2019 Papuan anti-racism protests, visualised through anonymous masses and property damage, against Jakarta student protests, where participants were named and individualised. A further case shows that specifying vocabulary withheld within Papua extends to oppositional voices relocated outside contested territory. These cases are read alongside corpus-wide patterns of culturalization, exoticization, and visual marginalisation, and against counter-visual practices reaching the gradient’s upper end without escaping its logic. Perceived political risk to national cohesion is identified as the primary calibration axis.

## Keywords
- Indonesian
- Mainstream
- Ethnic group
- Argument (complex analysis)
- Sociology
- Politics
- Representation (politics)
- Context (archaeology)
- Linguistics
- Gender studies
- Vocabulary
- Visibility
- Cohesion (chemistry)
- Critical discourse analysis
- Visual methods
- Discourse analysis
- Media studies
- Political science
- Corpus linguistics
- Social psychology
- Context effect
- Transparency (behavior)

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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