# Rumen-protected gambir catechins encapsulated using CaO-PFAD: Their effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and methane production in vitro
> Pazla R.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/pub_scopus_105046473134
Jurnal / Konferensi: Czech Journal of Animal Science
Tahun terbit: 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/68/2026-CJAS
ISSN: 12121819
Kuartil SJR: Q2
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Pazla R.

## Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rumen-protected gambir catechins encapsulated using calcium oxide (CaO) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) on rumen fermentation profiles, microbial activity, nutrient digestibility, and methane production in vitro. A randomised block design was used, consisting of four treatments and five replicates. The treatments were assigned based on different levels of gambir catechin-CaO-PFAD encapsulate supplementation, namely 0% (A), 5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D) in the diet. The results indicated that the treatments significantly affected NH3 concentration, partial VFA profiles, methane production, microbial protein synthesis, degradation, and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05), but no significant treatment effects were detected for total VFA, pH, or microbial biomass (P > 0.05). Treatment C produced the highest concentrations of propionate, microbial protein synthesis, degradation, and nutrient digestibility, while reducing methane production and the acetate to propionate ratio. The Cao-PFAD-encapsulated gambir catechin supplementation improved rumen fermentation efficiency, as indicated by increased propionate concentration, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient digestibility, and reduced methane production. Thus, gambir catechin-CaO-PFAD encapsulates could be used as a functional feed supplement to improve nutrient utilisation and mitigate enteric methane emissions in ruminant livestock.

## Keywords
- Rumen
- Chemistry
- Nutrient
- Food science
- In vitro
- Methane
- Catechin
- Digestion (alchemy)
- Volatile fatty acids
- Dry matter
- Bioavailability
- Fermentation
- Biochemistry
- Metabolism
- Methanogenesis
- Nitrogen
- Agronomy
- Polyphenol

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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