THE RISK PROJECTION OF LEAD (Pb), CADMIUM (Cd), AND CHROMIUM (Cr) EXPOSURE IN DRINKING WATER TOWARD THE INCIDENCE OF STUNTING IN SABUTUNG ISLAND, SAUGI ISLAND, AND TANAKEKE ISLAND

Abstract

Introduction: Stunting remains a major public health problem in coastal Indonesia. Small islands in the Spermonde Archipelago rely on shallow wells vulnerable to contamination. These conditions increase exposure to Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Chromium (Cr), while evidence linking long-term exposure and stunting in small island settings remains limited. This study assessed health risks of Pb, Cd, and Cr using Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) with long-term projection and examined their association with stunting. Methods: An analytical observational study was conducted in Sabutung, Saugi, and Tanakeke Islands. A total of 110 toddlers (0–59 months) and 10 wells were selected using proportional sampling within each island. Heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) based on SNI 6989 standards. EHRA and Chi-square tests were applied, with risk projection under four scenarios over 30 years (to 2055). Results and Discussion: Pb ranged from 0.0035–0.0060 mg/L, while Cd (0.0012 mg/L) and Cr (0.008 mg/L) were reported at uniform low levels, interpreted as below detection limits. All Risk Quotient values were < 1. Under the incident scenario, Pb and Cr exceeded RQ > 1, while Cd remained below 1. Drinking water source was significantly associated with stunting (p < 0.001; OR = 7.98) and remained significant after adjustment. Conclusion: Current exposure indicates no immediate non-carcinogenic risk; however, long-term projections suggest potential future health risks. The association between drinking water source and stunting highlights the importance of improving water quality management and access to safe drinking water in small island communities.

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