Microbial Fermented Duck Bone Meal Enhances Digestibility and Feed Efficiency in Litopenaeus vannamei Toward Sustainable Aquafeed

Abstract

HistoryDuck bone meal was fermented using a mixed culture of Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Rhizopus sp. to enhance its nutritional quality.The feeding trial lasted for 60 days under a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% FDBM substitution) and three replications.Results showed that digestive enzyme activity increased significantly (P<0.05) at moderate to high substitution levels.The highest protease (0.0168U/g/min) and lipase (0.108U/g/min) activities were recorded at 100% and 50% FDBM, respectively, while amylase peaked at 0.103U/g/min under 25% substitution.Apparent digestibility coefficients were highest at 75% FDBM, with total digestibility 85.81%, protein 96.13%, lipid 98.84%, fiber 60.59%, and carbohydrate 87.68%.Feed consumption reached 97.82g, feed efficiency 308.3350.12%,and survival 95.000.00%at 75% FDBM.These results indicate that microbial fermentation enhances amino acid availability, nutrient hydrolysis, palatability, and overall feed utilization.Therefore, up to 75% of fish meal can be replaced with FDBM without compromising shrimp performance, supporting a cost-efficient and sustainable aquafeed system aligned with circular bioeconomy principles.

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