# The Gut–Brain–Muscle Axis: Microbial Regulation of Neuromuscular Aging and Cognitive Frailty
> Taslim N.A.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/pub_scopus_105042771430
Jurnal / Konferensi: Microorganisms
Tahun terbit: 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14061366
ISSN: 20762607
Kuartil SJR: Q1
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Taslim N.A.

## Abstract
Cognitive frailty, characterized by the coexistence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment, has emerged as a major challenge in aging populations and is closely linked to sarcopenia, neurodegeneration, and chronic inflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota acts as a central regulator of neuromuscular and neurocognitive aging through the integrated gut-brain-muscle axis. This review highlights how microbial dysbiosis, reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, systemic endotoxemia, and altered microbial metabolites contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, anabolic resistance, and impaired neuroplasticity. Key signaling mediators, including SCFAs, bile acids, tryptophan-derived metabolites, cytokines, and myokines such as irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and cathepsin B, orchestrate bidirectional communication among the gut, skeletal muscle, and brain. We further discuss the role of exercise-induced microbiota remodeling and muscle endocrine signaling in promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and cognitive resilience. In addition, emerging translational strategies including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, polyphenol-rich functional foods, marine bioactives, and precision nutrition are explored as potential interventions targeting this axis. Collectively, the gut-brain-muscle axis provides a novel systems biology framework for understanding cognitive frailty and developing integrated therapeutic strategies for healthy longevity.

## Keywords
- Myokine
- Mitochondrial biogenesis
- Sarcopenia
- Regulator
- Neuroscience
- Neurocognitive
- Cognition
- Neuromuscular junction
- Biology
- Anabolism
- Bioinformatics
- Cognitive decline
- Medicine
- Gut flora
- Skeletal muscle
- Neurotrophic factors
- Endocrine system
- SIRT3
- Ghrelin
- Neuroinflammation
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Gut–brain axis
- Ciliary neurotrophic factor
- Healthy aging
- Cognitive aging
- Muscle atrophy
- Gerontology
- Signal transduction
- Translational research
- Psychology

---
Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
Saat mengutip, gunakan DOI bila tersedia atau URL kanonis di atas.