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Tuning the Piezoelectric Performance of PVDF/SnO2Flexible Nanogenerator Film via Controlled Solution Immersion Time
Wan Abd Manan W.M.H.
2026 IEEE 6th International Conference in Power Engineering Applications Smart Power Transformation for A Sustainable and Resilient World Icpea 2026
Abstract
The exploration of renewable energy has led to innovations in alternative energy harvesting technologies. Despite progress in piezoelectric materials, challenges such as lead toxicity, limited flexibility of traditional materials, and the critical influence of immersion time hinder their application in sustainable energy solutions. Short immersion times can result in incomplete crystallization and irregular film morphology, while prolonged immersion times may lead to particle aggregation and structural defects. This study addresses these issues by investigating the influence of immersion time on the performance of Polyvinylidene Fluoride doped with Tin Oxide (PVDF/SnO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>) flexible nanogenerator films (FPENG) synthesized using the solution immersion method. The performance of the deposited PVDF/SnO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> FPENG films such as piezoelectric response, crystalline structure, and surface morphology were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), piezo response and contact angle. From the result obtained, variation of immersion times significantly influenced the formation of β-phase and piezoelectric properties. In addition, results showed that the film immersed for 90 minutes exhibited the most stable and consistent piezoelectric performance, with a peak voltage of approximately 16 V. These findings highlight the critical role of precise immersion time control in optimizing the properties of PVDF/SnO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> films, contributing to the development of efficient, lead-free, and flexible energy harvesting systems.