Geometric image-based phenotyping and physiological analysis for validation of rice salinity tolerance screening under artificial pot conditions

Abstract

Salinity stress in coastal areas threatens the stability of rice production in Indonesia, necessitating innovative breeding strategies to adapt to this stress. In breeding, screening methods are crucial to improve selection effectiveness. One approach is pot selection on saline soil. However, this concept requires a precise approach, so integrating image-based phenotyping (IBP) screening and validation by physiological traits provides a rapid and effective approach to assessing salinity tolerance in rice genotypes. This study aimed to identify robust IBP traits for pot salinity screening and validate them through physiological response patterns among rice genotypes under salinity conditions. Six rice genotypes were evaluated under normal and saline environments using artificial pot trials. IBP traits related to plant geometry were quantified and complemented with physiological indicators, including Na⁺/K⁺ balance, chlorophyll pigments, and proline accumulation. Based on the result, perimeter and ferret were identified as effective IBP selection criteria. Both criteria captured differences in osmotic regulation and photosynthetic performance under salinity stress. Principal component analysis clearly separated tolerant, moderately tolerant, and sensitive genotypes, with geometric traits contributing most strongly to genotype discrimination. It supported a bit of physiological responses, which revealed distinct tolerance patterns. Tolerant genotypes (Pokkali, HS4.15.1.70, and HS4.15.2.4) maintained better Na⁺/K⁺ balance, lower chlorophyll loss, and adaptive proline responses, while sensitive genotypes (IR 29 and Ciherang) showed pronounced ionic imbalance and chlorophyll reduction; HS4.45.1.66 exhibited intermediate responses. The integration of IBP and physiological traits offers a practical framework for high-throughput salinity screening.

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