# Seismic amplification, ground deformation, and damage in the 2021 Mamuju–Majene earthquake
> Arsyad A.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/pub_scopus_105039159896
Jurnal / Konferensi: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Forensic Engineering
Tahun terbit: 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.25.00016
ISSN: 20439903
Kuartil SJR: Q3
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Arsyad A.

## Abstract
The 2021 Mamuju–Majene earthquake (Mw 6.2) caused extensive structural damage in Mamuju. This study assessed the building damage distribution across the city of Mamuju using the damage index (DI) of the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) and analysed its correlation with seismic amplification and ground deformation. The site response analysis utilised the Vs30 of multichannel analysis of surface wave surveys, while seismic amplification factors were calculated through one-dimensional site response analysis. In addition, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis was employed to assess ground deformation. The findings reveal that short-period spectral amplification (0.2 s) and construction quality were the dominant factors in structural failures, particularly affecting low-rise buildings (1–3 storeys). In contrast, long-period amplification (1.0 s) exhibited a weaker correlation with the DI, likely due to the limited number of mid- and high-rise structures in the study area. While evidence of liquefaction was observed, its overall impact on building damage was less significant. The integration of InSAR-derived ground deformation, geotechnical site response analysis, and field-based damage data proved to be highly effective for post-earthquake forensic assessment. This combined framework enabled the simultaneous evaluation of seismic amplification and permanent ground deformation, offering a more holistic understanding of damage mechanisms than conventional single-discipline approaches.

## Keywords
- Geology
- Seismology
- Liquefaction
- Seismic microzonation
- Ground motion
- Interferometric synthetic aperture radar
- Geotechnical engineering
- Scale (ratio)
- Ground-penetrating radar
- Quality (philosophy)
- Synthetic aperture radar
- Mitigation of seismic motion
- Earthquake engineering
- Seismic noise
- Environmental Seismic Intensity scale
- Radar
- Seismic analysis
- Amplification factor
- Induced seismicity
- Seismic wave
- Peak ground acceleration

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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