# Effect of Immersion Temperature on the Solution-Based Synthesis of PVDF/SnO2 Nanogenerator Films
> Azrai M.A.Z.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/pub_scopus_105039024591
Jurnal / Konferensi: Paper Asia
Tahun terbit: 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59953/paperasia.v42i2b.976
ISSN: 02184540
Kuartil SJR: Q3
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Azrai M.A.Z.

## Abstract
This study investigates the development of lead-free piezoelectric nanogenerator films using polyvinylidene fluoride doped tin oxide (PVDF/SnO₂) synthesized via the solution immersion method. PVDF/SnO₂ films were deposited at varying immersion temperatures (60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C) to evaluate their effects on structural, electrical, and piezoelectric properties. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed a significant enhancement in the β-phase crystallinity at 80°C, which resulted in the highest piezoelectric performance with an open-circuit voltage of 9.2V. Films that were immersed at the lowest (60°C) and highest (90°C) temperatures showed a reduction in crystallinity and piezoelectric properties due to insufficient energy and thermal degradation. Contact angle measurements confirmed the hydrophobic nature of all prepared films, which is a good property for electronic appliances. These findings highlight the critical role of immersion temperature in optimizing the properties of PVDF/SnO₂ nanogenerator films’ performance.

## Keywords
- Materials science
- Nanogenerator
- Crystallinity
- Piezoelectricity
- Polyvinylidene fluoride
- Immersion (mathematics)
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- Tin oxide
- Composite material
- Contact angle
- Oxide
- Diffraction
- Optoelectronics
- Doping
- Surface energy
- Thermal
- Infrared
- Voltage
- Insulator (electricity)
- Poling
- Polymer

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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