Effect of Immersion Temperature on the Solution-Based Synthesis of PVDF/SnO2 Nanogenerator Films

Abstract

This study investigates the development of lead-free piezoelectric nanogenerator films using polyvinylidene fluoride doped tin oxide (PVDF/SnO₂) synthesized via the solution immersion method. PVDF/SnO₂ films were deposited at varying immersion temperatures (60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C) to evaluate their effects on structural, electrical, and piezoelectric properties. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed a significant enhancement in the β-phase crystallinity at 80°C, which resulted in the highest piezoelectric performance with an open-circuit voltage of 9.2V. Films that were immersed at the lowest (60°C) and highest (90°C) temperatures showed a reduction in crystallinity and piezoelectric properties due to insufficient energy and thermal degradation. Contact angle measurements confirmed the hydrophobic nature of all prepared films, which is a good property for electronic appliances. These findings highlight the critical role of immersion temperature in optimizing the properties of PVDF/SnO₂ nanogenerator films’ performance.

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