Monte Carlo-Based Assessment of Human Health and Ecological Risks from Chromium and Iron Contamination in Coastal South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aimed to assess exposure levels and health risks associated with iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr) among coastal communities in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving field sampling and laboratory analysis of seawater and marine biota, combined with a health risk assessment approach. Intake analysis indicated that Fe was the dominant contributor to daily exposure, while Cr levels were relatively lower. Risk characterization showed that the average Risk Ratio (RQ) for Fe exceeded the safe threshold (RQ 1), while the RQ for Cr remained below the safe limit. Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) confirmed that both Cr and Fe exhibited Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values above safe levels. Sensitivity analysis revealed that exposure duration, frequency, consumption level, and metal concentration in seafood were the most influential variables. This study demonstrated that Fe is the primary risk factor contributing to non-carcinogenic health hazards in coastal areas of South Sulawesi, while Cr presents a potential long-term carcinogenic risk. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated mitigation strategies to protect public health and ensure the sustainability of coastal ecosystems.

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