# Low-Power ESP-NOW Multi-Hop for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Synchronization
> Kadir S.A.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/pub_scopus_105037624634
Jurnal / Konferensi: 2025 5th International Symposium on Materials and Electrical Engineering Ismee 2025
Tahun terbit: 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMEE68179.2025.11473267
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Kadir S.A.

## Abstract
Energy efficiency is a critical challenge in multihop wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where intermediate relay nodes can quickly deplete battery life. This paper proposes a low-power multi-hop tree topology for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) utilizing synchronized wake-up scheduling and adaptive sleep cycles. Three branches with varying hop counts (2-4 hops) were deployed to simulate practical topologies. Performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and battery lifetime, were evaluated. Experimental results show consistently high reliability with PDR of 100% in short-term tests and over 24 hours of continuous operation, low latency ranging from 60 ms to 95 ms depending on hop count, and significant energy efficiency, achieving estimated battery lifetimes of 28-178 hours across node types. Comparative evaluation against always-on relay operation shows energy savings of up to 65% with negligible impact on reliability. These results demonstrate that the proposed topology and adaptive synchronization method are suitable for long-term, energy-constrained environmental monitoring applications.

## Keywords
- Computer science
- Wireless sensor network
- Synchronization (alternating current)
- Computer network
- Real-time computing
- Key (lock)
- Noise (video)
- Wireless
- Data transmission
- Wireless network
- Adaptive control

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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