Assessment and Optimization of Rooftop Photovoltaic Potential: A Case Study of Subsidized Type-36 Residential Buildings in Indonesia

Abstract

This paper evaluates and optimizes rooftop photovoltaic (PV) potential for subsidized Type-36 residential buildings in Indonesia. The study consists of two stages: assessment of existing rooftop geometry to estimate annual PV yield, and optimization of tilt and azimuth for maximum production. Using satellite imagery and orientation data, the existing roof configuration (azimuth 285° and tilt 35°) produced 1.266 MWh/year. By maintaining the existing azimuth and optimizing the tilt to 0°, the yield increased to 1.396MWh/year $(+10.27 \%)$. A global optimization considering multiple azimuth–tilt combinations identified the best configuration at azimuth 0° and tilt 9°, producing 1.414 MWh/year ($+11.69 \%$). The additional gain from azimuth change after tilt optimization was only $1.29 \%$, indicating that tilt adjustment is the most cost-effective improvement for west-northwest oriented rooftops. These findings demonstrate that, in tropical settings such as Indonesia, simple tilt adjustments constitute the most economical measure for low-income housing—enhancing PV performance without major structural changes and providing practical, policy-relevant guidance for nation-wide solar deployment.

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