Optimization and Structural Assessment of Buton Modified Asphalt Concrete Using RSM and KENPAVE: Mechanical Response under Compressive Loading

Abstract

The increasing demand for durable, sustainable, and resilient pavement systems—aligned with global objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 9 and SDG 11—has encouraged the use of Modified Buton Asphalt (MBA) in asphalt concrete wearing course (AC-WC) mixtures. This study aims to enhance the mechanical and structural performance of MBA-modified AC-WC by integrating Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for mixture optimization and KENPAVE for evaluating compressive behavior under mechanistic loading. RSM identified the optimal combination of aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and filler proportion, resulting in a mixture with a compressive strength of 1.26 MPa. Laboratory testing further demonstrated a Poisson's ratio of 0.31, an elastic modulus of approximately 850 MPa, and a toughness index of 3.2, indicating a balanced stiffness–ductility performance beneficial for long-lasting pavements. KENPAVE analysis under standard axle loading revealed a maximum vertical tensile strain of 2.3×10^-4 at the bottom of the asphalt layer and a surface deflection of 0.81 mm, both falling within accepted design limits and reflecting adequate resistance to structural distress and rutting. The combined application of RSM and KENPAVE effectively links mix design optimization with structural response assessment, supporting sustainable pavement design practices. These findings confirm that the optimized MBA-modified mixture offers reliable mechanical behavior and load-bearing capacity, contributing to more sustainable and resilient road infrastructure. Future studies are recommended to examine long-term performance, including fatigue life and environmental aging, to support wider implementation in sustainable pavement engineering.

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