Dynamic changes in the sperm quality of Azolla pinnata as a forage alternative to Garut ram

Abstract

Background: Reproductive efficiency in Garut rams is essential for livestock productivity. Nutritional interventions such as Azolla pinnata, a protein-rich aquatic fern, may improve sperm quality and fertility, though its specific effects remain insufficiently studied. Aim: This study evaluated the impact of Azolla pinnata supplementation on sperm quality, hormonal profiles, and reproductive performance in Garut rams. Methods: A 90-day feeding trial was conducted with rams receiving diets containing Azolla pinnata. Semen was analyzed for motility, progressive motility, acrosome integrity, and kinematic variables. Hormonal levels (FSH, LH, testosterone) were measured, and fertility efficiency was assessed using service per conception. Correlation analyses explored relationships among sperm traits and hormones. Results: Sperm motility and progressive motility improved significantly after day 60, peaking at days 75 and 90. Acrosome integrity also increased, indicating better sperm functionality. In contrast, distance parameters (DCL, DAP, DSL) showed no significant changes. Hormonal assays revealed marked increases in FSH, LH, and testosterone by day 90, with testosterone positively correlated with sperm motility and integrity. Fertility efficiency improved as service per conception decreased significantly over time. Conclusion: Azolla pinnata supplementation enhances sperm motility, acrosome integrity, hormonal balance, and reproductive efficiency in Garut rams. These results highlight its potential as a sustainable dietary strategy to improve fertility outcomes in small ruminants. Further metabolomic and proteomic studies are warranted to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying these reproductive benefits.

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