Seasonal Estimation of NO2 Concentrations Using Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 8 and MODIS Imagery in Makassar Metropolitan City

Abstract

This study examines the seasonal change of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) content in Makassar Metropolitan City (MMC) area, Indonesia, using Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite imagery data. An empirical method was used to assess NO₂ concentration using the Land Surface Temperature (LST) method, with image processing in GIS software to compare data gathered during the dry season (June-October 2023) with those from the wet season (November 2023-April 2024). The results showed that NO₂ concentrations were higher in the dry season, with an average reaching 177.5 µg/m³, while in the rainy season, it decreased to around 173.2 µg/m³. There were significant differences between the two seasons in Landsat 8 data (p = 0.011) and MODIS (p = 0.034). Rappocini, Mariso, Panakkukang, and Biringkanaya sub-districts had the highest NO₂ concentrations and LSTs for both seasons. The Pearson correlation test reveals a significant association between LST and NO₂ (r = 1,000; p < 0.05). In both seasons, Makassar City's sub-districts maintained reasonably steady ISPU values (88-91) in the Moderate category, suggesting safe air quality for living things. These findings are expected to demonstrate that satellite-based methodologies have the potential to be used in spatial and temporal air quality monitoring systems, especially as early warning systems. This is important considering the limited number and distribution of existing air monitoring stations. By considering local seasonal conditions, this approach can help governments provide real-time air quality information to the public and formulate adaptive policy strategies to address the impacts of climate change in urban areas.

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