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Associations of near-work and outdoor activity, as well as smartphone use with ocular biometry and refractive status in elementary school-aged children
Putri S.S.
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio Per Le Scienze Mediche
Q4Abstract
BACKGROUND: The persistent rise in the implementation of distance learning is accompanied by increased duration of smartphone usage and near-work activity as well as decreased engagement in outdoor activity among elementary school-aged children. There are growing concerns about the negative impact of distance learning-associated environmental factors on ocular biometry and refraction. Consequently, the purpose of this review was to look at different research on the relationship between ocular biometry including refraction in primary school-aged children and smartphone usage, near-work activity, and outdoor activity.METHODS: A comprehensive search of databases spanning from 2019 to 2024 was conducted during this review. The keywords “Smartphone”, “Near-work Activity”, “Outdoor Activity”, “Ocular Biometry”, “Refractive Disorder,” and “Elementary School Age” were used to collect 12 journals containing relevant topics.RESULTS: Digital straining of the eyes as well as the present myopia epidemic are caused by an increase in near-work activity, decreased outdoor exercise, and excessive exposure to digital devices including smartphones.CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of myopia and alterations of ocular biometry in children were associated with smartphone usage, near-work activities, and outdoor time.