Exposure of Volunteer Traffic Assistants to PM2.5 From Transportation in Indonesia: An Environmental Health Risk Analysis

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) from motor vehicle emissions has increased air pollution, negatively affecting both the environment and human health. This study aims to evaluate the concentration of fine particulate matter, assess associated health risks, and simulate the spatial distribution of PM2.5. METHODS: PM2.5 samples were collected from 36 key congestion points along the main roads of Makassar City. Measurements were taken for one hour during the morning, afternoon, and evening sessions. The hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to estimate non-carcinogenic health risks. A total of 175 volunteer traffic assistants participated in the study. Spatial analysis was performed using the kriging method. RESULTS: The highest recorded PM2.5 concentration was 65 µg/m3 on Hertasning Street, while the lowest was 2 µg/m3 on AP Pettarani Street. The average concentration across all locations was 23.20 µg/m3. Although PM2.5 levels remained below Indonesia's regulatory limit of 65 µg/m3, they exceeded the World Health Organization guideline of 15 µg/m3. The highest HQ value was 12.94, and the lowest was 0.22. The spatial analysis showed a direct correlation between higher pollutant concentrations and congested areas. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the HQ for PM2.5 exceeds the acceptable standard (HQ>1), signifying a health risk that increases with frequent exposure. Effective air quality management strategies-including the use of masks, promotion of green transportation, and expansion of green open spaces-are essential to reduce pollutants and minimize health risks, especially for individuals with regular exposure.

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