Potential Reversibility of the Antifertility Effects of Papaya (Carica papaya) Seed Extract on Sperm Quality and Testicular Histopathology in Male Mice (Mus musculus)

Abstract

Indonesia is experiencing population growth, with contraceptive use predominantly undertaken by women due to the limited male options. Studies on papaya (Carica papaya) seeds have shown antifertility potential in animal models, but data regarding the systemic toxicity and reversibility remain limited. Therefore, this post-test-only experimental study aims to evaluate the potential reversibility of antifertility effects on sperm quality and testicular histopathology. The sample comprised 25 male ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice (Mus musculus), aged 2–3 months and weighing 20–30 g, divided into five groups (n=5), namely control, treatment (10% and 20% papaya seed extract), and reversibility groups. The extract was prepared by maceration and administered orally for 36 consecutive days, followed by a 36-day withdrawal period for the reversibility groups. Parameters assessed were sperm quality, testicular morphometry and histopathology, and liver function (AST, ALT). Testicular morphometry and liver enzyme levels showed no significant changes (p > 0.05). The extract significantly reduced sperm concentration in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Furthermore, histopathological evaluation showed widened interstitial spaces, dilatation of the seminiferous tubule lumen, and disorganization of germ cells in treated groups. Potential reversibility of sperm quality and histopathological evaluation was observed following extract withdrawal, particularly at a 20% concentration. These results suggested that papaya seed extract induced antifertility effects by disrupting spermatogenesis and testicular histology, with reversible outcomes and no significant hepatic toxicity. In conclusion, papaya seed extract showed safe, dose-dependent, and reversible antifertility effects in male ICR mice, supporting its potential as a male contraceptive.

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