Post-Flood Built Environment Typology of the Walanae Riverside Settlements, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Flooding is the most frequent hydrometeorological disaster in Indonesia and has significant impacts on the built environment, particularly in riverside settlements. In Wajo Regency, settlements along the Walanae River experience recurring floods that cause structural damage to buildings and infrastructure, while also triggering spontaneous and planned changes in spatial patterns. These impacts can be explained through the vulnerability framework, which highlights the inability of physical and social systems to cope with risks, and the urban resilience perspective, which emphasizes the adaptive capacity of urban areas to repeated disasters. This study aims to identify post-disaster typologies of the built environment using an integrated approach that includes physical, spatial, and social aspects. Data were collected from 100 respondents in four flood-affected urban villages: Laelo, Salomenraleng, Wattalippue, and Teddaopu. The analytical methods employed include indicator-based risk perception scoring, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) using Ward’s method, K-Means clustering to optimize cluster formation, and spatial validation through field observation. The results reveal four main typologies of the post-disaster built environment: (1) vulnerable traditional, (2) semi-urban adaptive, (3) managed urban, and (4) underdeveloped areas. These typologies are shaped by building structure, flood depth and duration, housing and land adaptation strategies, and levels of social preparedness. The findings highlight the importance of locality-based approaches in post-disaster planning and spatial policy-making. The resulting typologies provide a conceptual and spatial foundation for developing more resilient settlements against recurring flood disasters.

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