Integrative metabolomics and hormonal profiling reveal biomarkers of milk yield efficiency in Sapera dairy goats under tropical conditions

Abstract

HY and LY goats possess distinct metabolic and hormonal signatures despite similar milk composition. Identified biomarkers such as uric acid and glycerophosphoserine highlight pathways supporting efficient nutrient utilization and milk synthesis. These findings provide a foundation for precision feeding and biomarker-guided selection strategies to enhance productivity and sustainability in tropical dairy goat systems.

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