Indigenous knowledge in diabetic foot ulcer management: a qualitative study among the Mandar tribe of West Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are serious diabetes complications that may lead to amputation if not properly managed.In West Sulawesi, the Mandar ethnic community continues to use traditional medicine for DFU treatment.Objective This study explores local knowledge and traditional practices in DFU management among the Mandar ethnic group in West Sulawesi, Indonesia.Methods A descriptive qualitative design with a phenomenological approach was applied.Eighteen participants with DFU experience who had used traditional treatments were recruited purposively.Data were collected through semi-structured online interviews and analysed thematically using MaxQDA.Relational patterns among ingredients, outcomes, and information sources were visualised using Gephi.Results Turmeric was the most frequently used ingredient, followed by honey, guava leaves, coconut oil and castor leaves.Most materials were applied in raw, unstandardised forms.Some participants experienced positive early effects, while others reported worsening symptoms.Information was primarily transmitted through families and traditional figures.The network map revealed strong cultural and spiritual influences on treatment decisions. ConclusionTraditional DFU care displays empirical understanding and cultural values, but its unregulated use poses scientific risks, highlighting the want for evidence-based, culturally-sensitive healthcare integration.

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