Identification of the Subsurface Structure of Gamalama Volcano (Ternate City) Using HVSR Inversion Methods

Abstract

The Gamalama volcano slopes and coastal regions, inhabited by 90% of Ternate City's 200,000 residents have been designated as strategically vital for housing North Maluku's administrative, economic, and cultural core, creating compounded risks during volcanic activity. To quantify these risks, the volcanic subsurface was systematically profiled using passive seismic methods, with microtremor-derived Horizontal to Vertical Signal Ratio (HVSR)inversions being utilized to detect (1) sediment-basement interfaces and (2) concealed fault systems relevant for mitigation measures in Ternate's urban sector. The sediment thickness variations revealed the presence of previously unidentified fault structures, designated as H, I, J, K, and L, which were detected beneath densely populated urban areas.

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