Exposure of Volunteer Traffic Assistants to PM2.5 From Transportation in Indonesia: An Environmental Health Risk Analysis

Abstract

The findings indicate that the HQ for PM2.5 exceeds the acceptable standard (HQ>1), signifying a health risk that increases with frequent exposure. Effective air quality management strategies-including the use of masks, promotion of green transportation, and expansion of green open spaces-are essential to reduce pollutants and minimize health risks, especially for individuals with regular exposure.

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