# Estimation Risk Exposure to Nickel and Cobalt in Air Using a Monte Carlo Simulation
> Wulandari S.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/estimation-risk-exposure-to-nickel-and-cobalt-in-air-using-a-monte-carlo-simulat
Jurnal / Konferensi: Journal of Human Earth and Future
Tahun terbit: 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.28991/HEF-2025-06-04-03
ISSN: 27852997
Kuartil SJR: Q1
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Wulandari S.

## Abstract
Exposure to airborne nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) poses significant non-carcinogenic health risks, particularly with chronic inhalation. This study quantifies the health risks associated with Ni and Co exposure using a Monte Carlo simulation to incorporate variability and uncertainty in exposure assessment. Air samples were analyzed to determine metal concentrations, and risk characterization was performed through the calculation of Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values based on United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines. The probabilistic analysis revealed that the mean HQ and THQ values for both Ni and Co exceeded the safe threshold (HQ > 1, THQ > 1), indicating a high probability of health risks across the population, especially among adults. Sensitivity analyses identified inhalation rate, exposure duration, and exposure frequency as the most influential factors, while body weight, average exposure time, and reference concentration (RfC) served as mitigating variables. The results highlight a significant potential for non-carcinogenic effects from Ni and Co inhalation, emphasizing the need for stringent air quality management and targeted public health interventions. This study demonstrates the importance of applying probabilistic risk assessment models to better understand and manage environmental health hazards.

## Keywords
- Hazard quotient
- Monte Carlo method
- Environmental science
- Risk assessment
- Probabilistic logic
- Health risk
- Cobalt
- Health risk assessment
- Inhalation exposure
- Nickel
- Environmental health
- Air quality index
- Hazard
- Statistics
- Exposure assessment
- Uncertainty analysis
- Risk analysis (engineering)
- Probabilistic risk assessment
- Sensitivity (control systems)
- Reliability engineering
- Environmental engineering
- Occupational exposure
- Risk management
- Public health
- Hazard analysis
- Reference dose
- Human health
- Health hazard
- Air pollution

---
Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
Saat mengutip, gunakan DOI bila tersedia atau URL kanonis di atas.