Depositional Environment of Mallawa Formation Using Palynomorphs in the Southern Arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

This study investigates the ancient age and depositional environment of the Mallawa Formation through palynomorph fossil and geochemical proxy analyses. The Mallawa Formation, dating from the Middle to Late Eocene, represents a significant geological unit in the region. Our research was conducted along two tracks, Massenrengpulu and Tellumpanuae, where we identified 26 pollen taxa and six spore taxa, along with marine palynomorphs. The analysis of palynomorph abundance and lithological characteristics places the Mallawa Formation within the Proxapertites operculatus zone, confirming its Middle to Late Eocene age. Geochemical proxy analysis indicates that the paleoclimate during deposition was dominated by semi-humid conditions with intervals of semi-arid conditions. Furthermore, paleoredox analysis suggests fluctuations from oxic to dysoxic conditions, reflecting variability within the Deltaic depositional environment. We interpret the depositional environment of the Mallawa Formation as a Delta influenced by precipitation, lithological factors, and the interplay between fluvial and marine processes. This research enhances understanding of the depositional evolution of the Mallawa Formation during the Eocene period and provides a foundation for future studies on palynomorphs, sedimentary rock deposition, and ancient environmental changes.

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