# Chocolate under threat from old and new cacao diseases
> Marelli J.P.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/chocolate-under-threat-from-old-and-new-cacao-diseases
Jurnal / Konferensi: Phytopathology
Tahun terbit: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0477-RVW
ISSN: 0031949X
Kuartil SJR: Q1
Citations: 99

## Authors
- Marelli J.P.

## Abstract
<i>Theobroma cacao</i>, the source of chocolate, is affected by destructive diseases wherever it is grown. Some diseases are endemic; however, as cacao was disseminated from the Amazon rain forest to new cultivation sites it encountered new pathogens. Two well-established diseases cause the greatest losses: black pod rot, caused by several species of <i>Phytophthora</i>, and witches' broom of cacao, caused by <i>Moniliophthora perniciosa</i>. <i>Phytophthora megakarya</i> causes the severest damage in the main cacao producing countries in West Africa, while <i>P. palmivora</i> causes significant losses globally. <i>M. perniciosa</i> is related to a sister basidiomycete species, <i>M. roreri</i> which causes frosty pod rot. These <i>Moniliophthora</i> species only occur in South and Central America, where they have significantly limited production since the beginnings of cacao cultivation. The basidiomycete <i>Ceratobasidium theobromae</i> causing vascular-streak dieback occurs only in South-East Asia and remains poorly understood. Cacao swollen shoot disease caused by <i>Cacao swollen shoot virus</i> is rapidly spreading in West Africa. This review presents contemporary research on the biology, taxonomy and genomics of what are often new-encounter pathogens, as well as the management of the diseases they cause.

## Keywords
- Theobroma
- Biology
- Phytophthora palmivora
- Broom
- Phytophthora
- Botany
- Ecology

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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