# Changes in Behavioral Risk Factors for Diabetes in Indonesia: Evidence from National Surveys Before and After the COVID-19 (2018 and 2023)
> Sud E.

URL kanonis: https://discover.unhas.ac.id/publications/changes-in-behavioral-risk-factors-for-diabetes-in-indonesia-evidence-from-natio
Jurnal / Konferensi: National Journal of Community Medicine
Tahun terbit: 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.170120266131
ISSN: 09763325
Kuartil SJR: Q4
Citations: 0

## Authors
- Sud E.

## Abstract
Background: This study assessed whether associations between key behavioral risk factors and diabetes mellitus (DM) changed between 2018 and 2023. Methodology: A repeated cross-sectional analysis was conducted using pooled data from Riskesdas 2018 and SKI 2023, including 54,299 adults aged ≥15 years. DM was defined using fasting or 2‑hour postprandial glucose. Poisson regression with robust variance estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs), including interaction terms for survey year. Results: Low physical activity remained associated with higher DM prevalence (PR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20), with no significant change over time. Dietary risk showed an inverse association with DM (PR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71-0.88), which was significantly attenuated over time (PR interaction = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.09-1.48). A similar pattern was observed for smoking (PR = 0.75; interaction PR = 1.18). Alcohol consumption became inversely associated with DM in 2023 (interaction PR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.31-0.96), although no significant association was observed overall. Conclusions: Low physical activity remained a consistent risk factor for diabetes in Indonesia, while other behavioral associations varied between 2018 and 2023, underscoring the need for continuous surveillance and behavior-based interventions.

## Keywords
- Medicine
- Poisson regression
- Diabetes mellitus
- Postprandial
- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
- Alcohol consumption
- Demography
- Risk factor
- Environmental health
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Physical activity
- Epidemiology
- Association (psychology)
- Fasting glucose
- Gerontology
- Behavioral risk
- Regression analysis
- Analysis of variance
- Explained variation
- Alcohol intake
- Health behavior
- Consumption (sociology)
- Obesity
- Cross-sectional study
- Internal medicine

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Sumber: Discover Unhas — RIMS Universitas Hasanuddin.
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