Assessment of bisphenol A in bottled drinking water and its environmental health risk implications

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical commonly used as a monomer or additive in the production of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and other polymeric materials. BPA contamination is primarily associated with plastic bottled water containers. BPA has been associated with a range of adverse health effects. This study aims to investigate the impact of BPA exposure on public health in relation to the consumption of bottled drinking water. The research was conducted in Tambak Wedi Village, Surabaya, from July to October 2024. A total of 96 respondents participated in this cross-sectional study, which included laboratory analysis of bottled water samples and a human health risk assessment. Among ten brands of bottled water consumed by respondents, Brand A exhibited the highest BPA concentration (maximum 0.099 mg/L), while Brand G showed the lowest (maximum 0.082 mg/L). BPA exposure through bottled water consumption was not found to be significantly associated with carcinogenicity, reproductive system disorders, or endocrine disruption. However, a significant association was observed with immunosuppressive disorders (p-value = 0.008; r-value = 0,151), with very weak positive correlation strength. The noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of BPA across all bottled water brands were within acceptable safety limits. Collaborative efforts from governmental bodies, industry stakeholders, and consumers are essential to minimize the potential health risks associated with BPA exposure.

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