Analysis of Dense Residential Areas Using Normalized Difference Built-Up Index and Its Relation to Land Surface Temperature

Abstract

In 2022, the population increased compared to the previous year. Rapid urban development has led to various challenges in providing urban infrastructure, public amenities, and a suitable residential environment. Land use changes from residential areas to commercial purposes such as trade, hotels, offices, and services have significantly impacted land availability. This shift also influences land surface temperature (LST), as it is affected by vegetation density, building density, and population levels in the area. This study aims to analyze dense residential areas using the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Balikpapan City, covering an area of 510.79 hectares in East Kalimantan in 2022. In 2019, the dense residential area in Balikpapan consisted of approximately 295.81 ha of non-settlement area, 133.74 ha of non-compact settlement, and 81.24 ha of dense settlement. By 2022, the non-settlement area was approximately 291.64 ha, with 141.33 ha of non-compact settlement and 77.82 ha of dense settlement. In 2019, LST in Balikpapan ranged between 16°C and 31°C, while in 2022, it ranged between 19°C and 30°C. Correlation analysis between NDBI values and LST in 2019 showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.79, and in 2022, an r value of 0.71. Based on this range of 0.70 to 0.89, the correlation between NDBI and LST in Balikpapan is considered strong and significant.

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