A comparative study of intramuscular versus epidural administration of follicle-stimulating hormone for embryo production in Wagyu Cattle

Abstract

The findings suggest that the combined epidural-intramuscular protocol (P₂) is a viable alternative to the conventional intramuscular protocol (P₁), providing comparable reproductive outcomes while potentially reducing handling stress and labor intensity. Future research should address the pharmacokinetics of hormonal delivery, its long-term reproductive impacts, and its applicability across other breeds to further optimize superovulation strategies for sustainable livestock production and genetic improvement.

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